C1 영어 - 고급

유닛별 C1 커리큘럼

Leo가 가르치는 순서대로 구성된 12개의 레벨과 240개의 문법 포인트예요. 각 유닛에는 반드시 알아야 할 형태와 실제 예문이 정리되어 있으며, 보조 포인트는 스토리 안에서 다뤄져요.

1. C1.1 서술과 논평: 과거의 순서와 서술자의 목소리 20 포인트

   과거 사건의 복합적인 순서 배열

   By the time the police arrived, the crowd had gone and the shop had been closed for an hour. She had been waiting three years for that letter when it finally came.

   단순 과거 + 과거 완료 + 과거 완료 진행의 중첩, 명시적인 시간 표시어와 함께 사용

   서술 시제 선택하기 — 전체 범위

   The train had already left. People were still arriving on the platform, unaware that the service had been canceled an hour earlier. Someone shouted. Nobody moved.

   단순 과거 (사실) + 과거 진행 (배경) + 과거 완료 (이전 사건) + 수동태 (행위자 생략)

   문장 첫머리에 오는 -ed 분사구문

   Founded in 1890, the company still uses the original recipe. Written in a single night, the letter changed everything. Faced with the evidence, he confessed.

   과거 분사 + 보어, + 주절

   복합적인 감정 표현하기

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. Part of me wanted to stay, part of me couldn't wait to leave. She was torn between loyalty and self-preservation.

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. | part of me ... , part of me ... | torn between ... and ...

2. C1.2 질문과 전경화: 수사 의문문과 분열문 20 포인트

   수사 의문문 — 대답을 기대하지 않고 묻기

   Are we becoming shallow? Why does any of this matter? So where does that leave us?

   문단 시작이나 끝에서 대답을 기대하지 않고 던지는 직접 의문문

   극단적 선택 의문문 — ... 아니면 정반대?

   Is this a breakthrough or the exact opposite? Was it courage, or something else entirely?

   의문문 + or + 극단적인 대안 (the exact opposite / something else entirely / nothing at all)

   what 분열문 — What I need is ...

   What I need is a week off. What surprised me was how calm she was. What he did next changed everything.

   What + 주어 + 동사 + be + 명사구 또는 절

   틀에 맞춘 반복을 통한 강조

   That is precisely the issue. It is this, above all, that worries me.

   This is exactly what I mean. | That is precisely the issue. | It is this, above all, that ...

3. C1.3 자신을 배제하고 글쓰기: 비인칭 수동태, 명사화, 요약 20 포인트

   비인칭 보고 수동태 — it is said that

   It is said that the house is haunted. He is believed to have left the country. It has been suggested that the data were incomplete.

   it + be + 과거 분사 + that + 절 | 주어 + be + 과거 분사 + to + 부정사

   수동 분사구문 — Having been told, Being seen as

   Having been warned twice, he had no excuse. Being considered the favorite, she felt the pressure. Having been built on sand, the wall never stood a chance.

   Having been + 과거 분사, ... | Being + 과거 분사, ...

   셀 수 없는 추상 명사 — evidence, advice, research

   There is little evidence for this. We need more research, not more advice. Progress has been slow. She offered some useful feedback.

   관사와 복수형이 없는 추상 명사 (evidence, research, advice, progress, feedback, insight)

   출처를 한 문장으로 요약하기

   The gist of it is that nobody read the contract. In essence, they overpaid. The upshot is we start again.

   The gist of it is ... | In essence, ... | Broadly speaking, the argument is ... | The upshot is ...

4. C1.4 확신 정도 조절하기: can, dare, may, might 및 의견의 강도 20 포인트

   can을 사용한 고정 표현 — as you can see, I can hardly

   As you can imagine, nobody was pleased. I can't say I'm surprised. One can only hope.

   as you can see / as you can imagine / I can't say (that) / I can hardly / one can only

   be set to — 예고된 방향

   The company is set to announce record profits. Prices are set to rise again.

   be set to + 동사 원형

   may well — 강조하는 양보

   He may well be right. That might well explain the delay.

   may well / might well + 동사 원형

   절대적인 확신

   There's no doubt in my mind that she knew. It's beyond question at this point.

   There's no doubt in my mind. | I'd stake my reputation on it. | Beyond question.

5. C1.5 의무와 습관: ought to, used to, 습관을 나타내는 will 20 포인트

   there ought to be — 마땅히 그래야 하는 세상

   There ought to be a law against it. There ought to be more of these.

   there ought to / should be + 명사구

   ought to have + 과거분사 — 다하지 못한 의무

   You ought to have told me. They oughtn't to have promised anything.

   ought to have + 과거분사 | oughtn't to have + 과거분사

   Did you use to — used to의 의문문 형태

   Did you use to live here? Didn't they use to be friends?

   Did + 주어 + use to + 동사원형 ?

   확언하지 않고 의견 제시하기

   I'd be inclined to say the timing is wrong. I'm tempted to think she never read it. My instinct is that they'll pull out.

   I'd be inclined to say ... | I'm tempted to think ... | My instinct is that ...

6. C1.6 비현실적 상황: 혼합 가정법, wish, 가정법 도치 20 포인트

   if + 과거완료 + 조동사 + have + 과거분사

   If I had left earlier, I might have caught the train. If she had asked, we could have helped.

   If + 과거완료, 주어 + might / could / would + have + 과거분사

   세 가지 시제가 혼합된 가정법

   If we had taken that offer, we'd be living in Lisbon now. If he hadn't quit, he'd be running the department by next year.

   If + 과거완료, ... would + 동사원형 (현재) / would be + -ing (지금 당장) / would be + -ing (내일)

   had와 were를 사용한 도치 — if가 없는 조건문

   Had I known, I would have said something. Were she here, none of this would have happened. Had it not been for you, we'd still be waiting.

   Had + 주어 + 과거분사, ... | Were + 주어 + ..., ...

   유력한 원인 추적하기

   My best guess is a wiring fault. It probably comes down to funding. I'd put it down to bad timing more than bad judgment.

   My best guess is (that) ... | It probably comes down to ... | Chances are ... | I'd put it down to ...

7. C1.7 도치와 양보: 문두에 오는 부정 부사와 완전한 양보 구문 20 포인트

   빈도를 나타내는 부정 부사 뒤의 도치

   Rarely have I seen such a mess. Seldom does he speak in public. Hardly ever do they answer the phone.

   Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever + 조동사 + 주어 + 동사

   부정구 뒤의 도치 — under no circumstances

   Under no circumstances should you open that door. At no point did she raise her voice. In no way does this excuse what happened.

   Under no circumstances / At no point / In no way / On no account + 조동사 + 주어

   not only + 조동사 도치

   Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. Not only was the food cold, it was the wrong order.

   Not only + 조동사 + 주어 + 동사, but (also) + 절

   다음으로 넘어가기 전 요점 인정하기

   Granted, the price is high. Admittedly, we should have asked first. True, nobody could have known.

   Granted, ... | Admittedly, ... | True, ... | I'll grant you that

8. C1.8 행동 예상 및 촉구하기: 미래 시제, 가정법, 체계적인 주장 20 포인트

   may / might와 함께 쓰이는 미래진행형 — 진행 중일 가능성이 있는 일

   She might be waiting outside. They may be having lunch right now. He might be sleeping.

   may / might + be + 동사-ing

   by the time + 현재 시제 — 끝나는 시점에서 바라본 미래

   By the time you read this, I'll be gone. By the time we get there, it will have started.

   By the time + 단순 현재, 주어 + will (have) + ...

   미래 시제 선택하기 — 경합하는 7가지 형태

   The train leaves at six. We're meeting them there. It'll be busy. It's going to rain. The minister is to visit next week. This time tomorrow we'll be flying. By June we'll have moved.

   will / be going to / 현재진행형 / 단순 현재 / be to / 미래진행형 / 미래완료형

   주장의 전개 방향 안내하기

   There are three points I want to make. Let me take these in turn.

   There are three points I want to make. | Let me take these in turn. | First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

9. C1.9 명령, 생략 및 반응: 명령문, 부분 부정, 구어체 영어 20 포인트

   let + 대명사 + 동사원형 — 허락과 금지

   Let them try. Let her finish. Don't let him near the controls.

   Let him / her / them + 동사원형 | Don't let him / her / them + 동사원형

   문두에 오는 고정 표현 — the thing about, the trouble with

   The thing about Marcus is that he never says no. The trouble with cheap tools is that they break.

   The thing about / The trouble with / The problem with / The truth is + ..., ...

   not all / not every — 거부된 일반화

   Not all of them agreed. Not everything he said was wrong. Not every problem has a solution.

   Not all / Not every / Not everyone / Not everything + ...

   합리적인 무관심

   Honestly, it makes no difference to me. I have no strong feelings either way. The new logo? I can take it or leave it.

   It makes no difference to me | I have no strong feelings either way | I can take it or leave it

10. C1.10 정확하게 지칭하기: 고급 대명사 및 반론에 대응하기 20 포인트

    that of / those of — 학술적으로 앞의 명사 가리키기

    Her salary is higher than that of her predecessor. The results were compared with those of the previous study.

    that of / those of + 명사구 (이미 언급된 명사를 다시 가리킴)

    none — 독립적인 부정 대용어

    I asked three people. None knew. We looked for alternatives; none were suitable.

    none (보어 없이 단독으로 주어나 목적어로 쓰임)

    many of whom / some of which — 수량 표현이 포함된 관계사

    The staff, many of whom had been there for years, were furious. She wrote six novels, none of which sold well. He had three options, neither of which appealed.

    수량사 + of + whom / which + 관계사절

    반론 역이용하기

    The cost? That's precisely my point. That's exactly why we need to act now. If anything, that proves it.

    That's precisely my point | That's exactly why ... | If anything, that supports what I'm saying

11. C1.11 정확하게 수식하기: 형용사, 부사, 문어체 전치사 20 포인트

    관용적 복합 형용사 — jaw-dropping, well-to-do

    a jaw-dropping performance, a well-to-do family, the above-mentioned clause, an open-minded approach, a long-standing dispute

    평가나 사용역(register)을 나타내는 복합 형용사

    최상급 + 후치 수식어 — the best movie ever made

    the best movie ever made, the largest collection in private hands, the worst decision possible, the only one still standing

    the + 최상급 (+ 명사) + 분사 / 전치사구 / 부사

    복잡한 문어체 전치사 — notwithstanding, in the wake of

    Notwithstanding the delay, the project succeeded. In the wake of the scandal, three directors resigned. He stayed on for the sake of the children.

    notwithstanding / by virtue of / in the wake of / for the sake of / at the expense of / pursuant to

    샌드위치식 비평

    The research is excellent. My only reservation is the sample size. It works well, except that it's slow.

    The X is excellent. My only reservation is ... | It works well, except that ...

12. C1.12 명사화하기, 어투 선택하기, 입장 방어하기 20 포인트

    명사화 — the implementation of

    The implementation of the new policy took two years. Their failure to respond was noted. The decision to close came from above.

    동사 -> 추상 명사 (implement -> implementation, decide -> decision, fail -> failure)

    영국식 철자와 어휘 인식하기

    UK colour, centre, apologise, travelling, cancelled — US color, center, apologize, traveling, canceled. UK 'I'll take the lift to the flat' — US 'I'll take the elevator to the apartment'.

    -our / -re / -ise / -ll- | lift, flat, lorry, queue, holiday, film, autumn, rubbish, mum

    어투(register) 선택하기 — 세 가지 수준의 동일한 내용

    We had to put off the meeting. -> We had to postpone the meeting. -> The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

    비격식체 (구동사, 축약형, 생략) / 중립체 / 격식체 (라틴어계 동사, 명사화, 수동태)

    정말 중요한 것 강조하기

    The point is not whether it's legal, it's whether it's right. The real question is who pays.

    The point is not X, it's Y. | What really matters here is ... | The real question is ...

C1 레벨을 확실히 마스터하는 방법