اللغة الإنجليزية بمستوى C1 - متقدم

منهج C1، وحدة بوحدة

12 مستويات و 240 نقطة نحوية، بالترتيب الذي يُدرّسه Leo. تسرد كل وحدة الصيغ التي يجب معرفتها مع مثال حقيقي - بينما تُغطى النقاط الداعمة داخل القصص.

1. C1.1 السرد والتعليق: ترتيب أحداث الماضي وصوت الراوي 20 نقاط

   الترتيب المعقد لأحداث الماضي

   By the time the police arrived, the crowd had gone and the shop had been closed for an hour. She had been waiting three years for that letter when it finally came.

   الماضي البسيط + الماضي التام + الماضي التام المستمر متداخلة، مع مؤشرات زمنية صريحة

   اختيار زمن السرد — النطاق الكامل

   The train had already left. People were still arriving on the platform, unaware that the service had been canceled an hour earlier. Someone shouted. Nobody moved.

   الماضي البسيط (الحقائق) + الماضي المستمر (المشهد) + الماضي التام (ما حدث قبل ذلك) + المبني للمجهول (حذف الفاعل)

   عبارة اسم المفعول المنتهية بـ -ed في بداية الجملة

   Founded in 1890, the company still uses the original recipe. Written in a single night, the letter changed everything. Faced with the evidence, he confessed.

   اسم المفعول + المكملات، + الجملة الرئيسية

   تسمية المشاعر المختلطة

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. Part of me wanted to stay, part of me couldn't wait to leave. She was torn between loyalty and self-preservation.

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. | part of me ... , part of me ... | torn between ... and ...

2. C1.2 التساؤل وإبراز الأهمية: الأسئلة البلاغية والجمل المشقوقة 20 نقاط

   السؤال البلاغي — السؤال دون توقع إجابة

   Are we becoming shallow? Why does any of this matter? So where does that leave us?

   سؤال مباشر لا يُتوقع له إجابة، في بداية أو نهاية الفقرة

   سؤال البديل المتطرف — ... أم العكس تماماً؟

   Is this a breakthrough or the exact opposite? Was it courage, or something else entirely?

   سؤال + or + بديل متطرف (العكس تماماً / شيء آخر كلياً / لا شيء على الإطلاق)

   الجملة المشقوقة بـ what — What I need is ...

   What I need is a week off. What surprised me was how calm she was. What he did next changed everything.

   What + الفاعل + الفعل + be + عبارة اسمية أو جملة

   الإصرار من خلال التكرار المؤطر

   That is precisely the issue. It is this, above all, that worries me.

   This is exactly what I mean. | That is precisely the issue. | It is this, above all, that ...

3. C1.3 الكتابة بموضوعية (إقصاء الذات): المبني للمجهول غير الشخصي، التحويل إلى أسماء، التلخيص 20 نقاط

   المبني للمجهول غير الشخصي للنقل — it is said that

   It is said that the house is haunted. He is believed to have left the country. It has been suggested that the data were incomplete.

   it + be + اسم المفعول + that + جملة | الفاعل + be + اسم المفعول + to + المصدر

   عبارة اسم المفعول للمبني للمجهول — Having been told, Being seen as

   Having been warned twice, he had no excuse. Being considered the favorite, she felt the pressure. Having been built on sand, the wall never stood a chance.

   Having been + اسم المفعول، ... | Being + اسم المفعول، ...

   الأسماء المجردة غير المعدودة — evidence, advice, research

   There is little evidence for this. We need more research, not more advice. Progress has been slow. She offered some useful feedback.

   اسم مجرد بدون أداة تعريف ولا يُجمع (evidence, research, advice, progress, feedback, insight)

   تكثيف المصدر في جملة واحدة

   The gist of it is that nobody read the contract. In essence, they overpaid. The upshot is we start again.

   The gist of it is ... | In essence, ... | Broadly speaking, the argument is ... | The upshot is ...

4. C1.4 ضبط مستوى اليقين: can, dare, may, might ودرجات الرأي 20 نقاط

   تعبير ثابت مع can — as you can see, I can hardly

   As you can imagine, nobody was pleased. I can't say I'm surprised. One can only hope.

   as you can see / as you can imagine / I can't say (that) / I can hardly / one can only

   be set to — المسار المُعلن

   The company is set to announce record profits. Prices are set to rise again.

   be set to + الصيغة الأساسية

   may well — الإقرار المؤكد

   He may well be right. That might well explain the delay.

   may well / might well + الصيغة الأساسية

   اليقين المطلق

   There's no doubt in my mind that she knew. It's beyond question at this point.

   There's no doubt in my mind. | I'd stake my reputation on it. | Beyond question.

5. C1.5 الواجب والعادة: ought to، و used to، و will الدالة على السمة 20 نقاط

   there ought to be — العالم كما ينبغي أن يكون

   There ought to be a law against it. There ought to be more of these.

   there ought to / should be + عبارة اسمية

   ought to have + التصريف الثالث — الواجب الضائع

   You ought to have told me. They oughtn't to have promised anything.

   ought to have + التصريف الثالث | oughtn't to have + التصريف الثالث

   Did you use to — صيغة الاستفهام من used to

   Did you use to live here? Didn't they use to be friends?

   Did + الفاعل + use to + الفعل في المصدر ?

   طرح فكرة دون الالتزام بها

   I'd be inclined to say the timing is wrong. I'm tempted to think she never read it. My instinct is that they'll pull out.

   I'd be inclined to say ... | I'm tempted to think ... | My instinct is that ...

6. C1.6 الخيال: الجمل الشرطية المختلطة، wish، والتقديم والتأخير الشرطي 20 نقاط

   if + الماضي التام + فعل ناقص + have + التصريف الثالث

   If I had left earlier, I might have caught the train. If she had asked, we could have helped.

   If + الماضي التام، الفاعل + might / could / would + have + التصريف الثالث

   الجملة الشرطية المختلطة ذات الأزمنة الثلاثة

   If we had taken that offer, we'd be living in Lisbon now. If he hadn't quit, he'd be running the department by next year.

   If + الماضي التام، ... would + الفعل في المصدر (الآن) / would be + -ing (في هذه اللحظة) / would be + -ing (غداً)

   التقديم والتأخير مع had و were — الشرط بدون if

   Had I known, I would have said something. Were she here, none of this would have happened. Had it not been for you, we'd still be waiting.

   Had + الفاعل + التصريف الثالث، ... | Were + الفاعل + ...، ...

   تتبع الأثر وصولاً إلى سبب محتمل

   My best guess is a wiring fault. It probably comes down to funding. I'd put it down to bad timing more than bad judgment.

   My best guess is (that) ... | It probably comes down to ... | Chances are ... | I'd put it down to ...

7. C1.7 التقديم والتأخير والإقرار: ظروف النفي في بداية الجملة والإقرار الكامل 20 نقاط

   التقديم والتأخير بعد ظرف تكرار منفي

   Rarely have I seen such a mess. Seldom does he speak in public. Hardly ever do they answer the phone.

   Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever + فعل مساعد + الفاعل + الفعل

   التقديم والتأخير بعد عبارة منفية — under no circumstances

   Under no circumstances should you open that door. At no point did she raise her voice. In no way does this excuse what happened.

   Under no circumstances / At no point / In no way / On no account + فعل مساعد + الفاعل

   not only + تقديم الفعل المساعد

   Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. Not only was the food cold, it was the wrong order.

   Not only + فعل مساعد + الفاعل + الفعل، but (also) + جملة

   الإقرار بنقطة قبل تجاوزها

   Granted, the price is high. Admittedly, we should have asked first. True, nobody could have known.

   Granted, ... | Admittedly, ... | True, ... | I'll grant you that

8. C1.8 التخطيط والحث على اتخاذ إجراء: صيغ المستقبل، صيغة الشك، والحجة المنظمة 20 نقاط

   المستقبل المستمر مع may / might — الحدث المحتمل المستمر

   She might be waiting outside. They may be having lunch right now. He might be sleeping.

   may / might + be + الفعل-ing

   by the time + المضارع — المستقبل منظوراً إليه من نهايته

   By the time you read this, I'll be gone. By the time we get there, it will have started.

   By the time + المضارع البسيط، الفاعل + will (have) + ...

   اختيار صيغة المستقبل — سبع صيغ متنافسة

   The train leaves at six. We're meeting them there. It'll be busy. It's going to rain. The minister is to visit next week. This time tomorrow we'll be flying. By June we'll have moved.

   will / be going to / المضارع المستمر / المضارع البسيط / be to / المستقبل المستمر / المستقبل التام

   توضيح مسار حجتك

   There are three points I want to make. Let me take these in turn.

   There are three points I want to make. | Let me take these in turn. | First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

9. C1.9 الأوامر، الحذف، ورد الفعل: صيغة الأمر، النفي الجزئي، والإنجليزية المنطوقة 20 نقاط

   let + ضمير + الفعل في المصدر — السماح والمنع

   Let them try. Let her finish. Don't let him near the controls.

   Let him / her / them + الفعل في المصدر | Don't let him / her / them + الفعل في المصدر

   تعبير ثابت في بداية الجملة — the thing about، the trouble with

   The thing about Marcus is that he never says no. The trouble with cheap tools is that they break.

   The thing about / The trouble with / The problem with / The truth is + ..., ...

   not all / not every — التعميم المرفوض

   Not all of them agreed. Not everything he said was wrong. Not every problem has a solution.

   Not all / Not every / Not everyone / Not everything + ...

   اللامبالاة المبررة

   Honestly, it makes no difference to me. I have no strong feelings either way. The new logo? I can take it or leave it.

   It makes no difference to me | I have no strong feelings either way | I can take it or leave it

10. C1.10 الإشارة بدقة: الضمائر المتقدمة والرد على الاعتراضات 20 نقاط

    that of / those of — الإحالة الأكاديمية

    Her salary is higher than that of her predecessor. The results were compared with those of the previous study.

    that of / those of + عبارة اسمية (تشير إلى اسم سبق ذكره)

    none — البديل المنفي المستقل

    I asked three people. None knew. We looked for alternatives; none were suitable.

    none (بمفردها، فاعل أو مفعول به، بدون مكمل)

    many of whom / some of which — الاسم الموصول المحدد بكمية

    The staff, many of whom had been there for years, were furious. She wrote six novels, none of which sold well. He had three options, neither of which appealed.

    محدد كمية + of + whom / which + جملة صلة

    عكس الاعتراض

    The cost? That's precisely my point. That's exactly why we need to act now. If anything, that proves it.

    That's precisely my point | That's exactly why ... | If anything, that supports what I'm saying

11. C1.11 الوصف بدقة: الصفات، الظروف، وحروف الجر الأدبية 20 نقاط

    الصفات المركبة الاصطلاحية — jaw-dropping, well-to-do

    a jaw-dropping performance, a well-to-do family, the above-mentioned clause, an open-minded approach, a long-standing dispute

    صفة مركبة تحمل تقييماً أو مستوى لغوياً

    صيغة التفضيل + وصف لاحق — the best movie ever made

    the best movie ever made, the largest collection in private hands, the worst decision possible, the only one still standing

    the + صيغة تفضيل (+ اسم) + اسم فاعل أو مفعول / شبه جملة من جار ومجرور / ظرف

    حروف الجر الأدبية المركبة — notwithstanding, in the wake of

    Notwithstanding the delay, the project succeeded. In the wake of the scandal, three directors resigned. He stayed on for the sake of the children.

    notwithstanding / by virtue of / in the wake of / for the sake of / at the expense of / pursuant to

    النقد بأسلوب الشطيرة

    The research is excellent. My only reservation is the sample size. It works well, except that it's slow.

    The X is excellent. My only reservation is ... | It works well, except that ...

12. C1.12 التحويل إلى أسماء، اختيار المستوى اللغوي، والدفاع عن موقف 20 نقاط

    التحويل إلى أسماء — the implementation of

    The implementation of the new policy took two years. Their failure to respond was noted. The decision to close came from above.

    فعل -> اسم معنى (implement -> implementation, decide -> decision, fail -> failure)

    التعرف على الإملاء والمفردات البريطانية

    UK colour, centre, apologise, travelling, cancelled — US color, center, apologize, traveling, canceled. UK 'I'll take the lift to the flat' — US 'I'll take the elevator to the apartment'.

    -our / -re / -ise / -ll- | lift, flat, lorry, queue, holiday, film, autumn, rubbish, mum

    اختيار مستواك اللغوي — نفس المحتوى بثلاثة مستويات

    We had to put off the meeting. -> We had to postpone the meeting. -> The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

    غير رسمي (فعل مركب، اختصار، حذف) / محايد / رسمي (فعل لاتيني الأصل، تحويل إلى أسماء، مبني للمجهول)

    الإصرار على ما يهم حقاً

    The point is not whether it's legal, it's whether it's right. The real question is who pays.

    The point is not X, it's Y. | What really matters here is ... | The real question is ...

كيفية اجتياز مستوى C1 بنجاح