Inglés C1 - Avanzado

El plan de estudios del C1, unidad por unidad

12 niveles y 240 puntos gramaticales, en el orden en que Leo los enseña. Cada unidad enumera las formas imprescindibles con un ejemplo real; los puntos de apoyo se tratan dentro de las historias.

1. C1.1 Narrar y comentar: el orden del pasado y la voz del narrador 20 puntos

   el orden complejo de los eventos pasados

   By the time the police arrived, the crowd had gone and the shop had been closed for an hour. She had been waiting three years for that letter when it finally came.

   pasado simple + pasado perfecto + pasado perfecto continuo anidados, con marcadores de tiempo explícitos

   elegir tu tiempo narrativo — el abanico completo

   The train had already left. People were still arriving on the platform, unaware that the service had been canceled an hour earlier. Someone shouted. Nobody moved.

   pasado simple (los hechos) + pasado continuo (el entorno) + pasado perfecto (lo que ocurrió antes) + pasiva (agente omitido)

   cláusula de participio en -ed al principio de la oración

   Founded in 1890, the company still uses the original recipe. Written in a single night, the letter changed everything. Faced with the evidence, he confessed.

   participio pasado + complementos, + oración principal

   nombrar una emoción mixta

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. Part of me wanted to stay, part of me couldn't wait to leave. She was torn between loyalty and self-preservation.

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. | part of me ... , part of me ... | torn between ... and ...

2. C1.2 Cuestionar y enfatizar: preguntas retóricas y oraciones escindidas 20 puntos

   la pregunta retórica — preguntar sin esperar respuesta

   Are we becoming shallow? Why does any of this matter? So where does that leave us?

   pregunta directa sin esperar respuesta, al principio o al final de un párrafo

   la pregunta alternativa extrema — ¿... o exactamente lo contrario?

   Is this a breakthrough or the exact opposite? Was it courage, or something else entirely?

   pregunta + or + alternativa extrema (the exact opposite / something else entirely / nothing at all)

   oración escindida con what — What I need is ...

   What I need is a week off. What surprised me was how calm she was. What he did next changed everything.

   What + sujeto + verbo + be + sintagma nominal u oración

   insistencia mediante repetición enmarcada

   That is precisely the issue. It is this, above all, that worries me.

   This is exactly what I mean. | That is precisely the issue. | It is this, above all, that ...

3. C1.3 Escribir de forma impersonal: pasiva impersonal, nominalización, resumen 20 puntos

   la pasiva impersonal para informar — it is said that

   It is said that the house is haunted. He is believed to have left the country. It has been suggested that the data were incomplete.

   it + be + participio pasado + that + oración | sujeto + be + participio pasado + to + infinitivo

   cláusula de participio pasivo — Having been told, Being seen as

   Having been warned twice, he had no excuse. Being considered the favorite, she felt the pressure. Having been built on sand, the wall never stood a chance.

   Having been + participio pasado, ... | Being + participio pasado, ...

   sustantivos abstractos incontables — evidence, advice, research

   There is little evidence for this. We need more research, not more advice. Progress has been slow. She offered some useful feedback.

   sustantivo abstracto sin artículo y sin plural (evidence, research, advice, progress, feedback, insight)

   condensar una fuente en una sola oración

   The gist of it is that nobody read the contract. In essence, they overpaid. The upshot is we start again.

   The gist of it is ... | In essence, ... | Broadly speaking, the argument is ... | The upshot is ...

4. C1.4 Calibrar la certeza: can, dare, may, might y grados de opinión 20 puntos

   expresión fija con can — as you can see, I can hardly

   As you can imagine, nobody was pleased. I can't say I'm surprised. One can only hope.

   as you can see / as you can imagine / I can't say (that) / I can hardly / one can only

   be set to — la trayectoria anunciada

   The company is set to announce record profits. Prices are set to rise again.

   be set to + forma base

   may well — la concesión enfática

   He may well be right. That might well explain the delay.

   may well / might well + forma base

   certeza absoluta

   There's no doubt in my mind that she knew. It's beyond question at this point.

   There's no doubt in my mind. | I'd stake my reputation on it. | Beyond question.

5. C1.5 Deber y hábito: ought to, used to, will característico 20 puntos

   there ought to be — el mundo tal como debería ser

   There ought to be a law against it. There ought to be more of these.

   there ought to / should be + sintagma nominal

   ought to have + participio pasado — el deber incumplido

   You ought to have told me. They oughtn't to have promised anything.

   ought to have + participio pasado | oughtn't to have + participio pasado

   Did you use to — la forma interrogativa de used to

   Did you use to live here? Didn't they use to be friends?

   Did + sujeto + use to + forma base ?

   sugerir una idea sin comprometerse con ella

   I'd be inclined to say the timing is wrong. I'm tempted to think she never read it. My instinct is that they'll pull out.

   I'd be inclined to say ... | I'm tempted to think ... | My instinct is that ...

6. C1.6 Lo irreal: condicionales mixtos, wish, inversión condicional 20 puntos

   if + pasado perfecto + modal + have + participio pasado

   If I had left earlier, I might have caught the train. If she had asked, we could have helped.

   If + pasado perfecto, sujeto + might / could / would + have + participio pasado

   el condicional mixto de tres tiempos

   If we had taken that offer, we'd be living in Lisbon now. If he hadn't quit, he'd be running the department by next year.

   If + pasado perfecto, ... would + forma base (ahora) / would be + -ing (ahora mismo) / would be + -ing (mañana)

   inversión con had y were — la condición sin if

   Had I known, I would have said something. Were she here, none of this would have happened. Had it not been for you, we'd still be waiting.

   Had + sujeto + participio pasado, ... | Were + sujeto + ..., ...

   remontarse a una causa probable

   My best guess is a wiring fault. It probably comes down to funding. I'd put it down to bad timing more than bad judgment.

   My best guess is (that) ... | It probably comes down to ... | Chances are ... | I'd put it down to ...

7. C1.7 Inversión y concesión: adverbios negativos antepuestos y concesión total 20 puntos

   inversión después de un adverbio de frecuencia negativo

   Rarely have I seen such a mess. Seldom does he speak in public. Hardly ever do they answer the phone.

   Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo

   inversión después de una frase negativa — under no circumstances

   Under no circumstances should you open that door. At no point did she raise her voice. In no way does this excuse what happened.

   Under no circumstances / At no point / In no way / On no account + auxiliar + sujeto

   not only + inversión del auxiliar

   Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. Not only was the food cold, it was the wrong order.

   Not only + auxiliar + sujeto + verbo, but (also) + oración

   conceder un punto antes de pasar a otra cosa

   Granted, the price is high. Admittedly, we should have asked first. True, nobody could have known.

   Granted, ... | Admittedly, ... | True, ... | I'll grant you that

8. C1.8 Proyectar e impulsar la acción: futuros, subjuntivo, argumentación ordenada 20 puntos

   futuro continuo con may / might — lo probable en curso

   She might be waiting outside. They may be having lunch right now. He might be sleeping.

   may / might + be + verbo-ing

   by the time + presente — el futuro visto desde su punto final

   By the time you read this, I'll be gone. By the time we get there, it will have started.

   By the time + presente simple, sujeto + will (have) + ...

   elegir tu futuro — siete formas alternativas

   The train leaves at six. We're meeting them there. It'll be busy. It's going to rain. The minister is to visit next week. This time tomorrow we'll be flying. By June we'll have moved.

   will / be going to / presente continuo / presente simple / be to / futuro continuo / futuro perfecto

   señalar la estructura de tu argumentación

   There are three points I want to make. Let me take these in turn.

   There are three points I want to make. | Let me take these in turn. | First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

9. C1.9 Órdenes, elipsis y reacción: imperativo, negación parcial, inglés hablado 20 puntos

   let + pronombre + forma base — permitir y prohibir

   Let them try. Let her finish. Don't let him near the controls.

   Let him / her / them + forma base | Don't let him / her / them + forma base

   expresión fija antepuesta — the thing about, the trouble with

   The thing about Marcus is that he never says no. The trouble with cheap tools is that they break.

   The thing about / The trouble with / The problem with / The truth is + ..., ...

   not all / not every — la generalización rechazada

   Not all of them agreed. Not everything he said was wrong. Not every problem has a solution.

   Not all / Not every / Not everyone / Not everything + ...

   indiferencia razonada

   Honestly, it makes no difference to me. I have no strong feelings either way. The new logo? I can take it or leave it.

   It makes no difference to me | I have no strong feelings either way | I can take it or leave it

10. C1.10 Referirse con precisión: pronombres avanzados y cómo rebatir objeciones 20 puntos

    that of / those of — la referencia retrospectiva académica

    Her salary is higher than that of her predecessor. The results were compared with those of the previous study.

    that of / those of + sintagma nominal (hace referencia a un sustantivo ya introducido)

    none — el sustituto negativo independiente

    I asked three people. None knew. We looked for alternatives; none were suitable.

    none (por sí solo, sujeto u objeto, sin complemento)

    many of whom / some of which — el relativo cuantificado

    The staff, many of whom had been there for years, were furious. She wrote six novels, none of which sold well. He had three options, neither of which appealed.

    cuantificador + of + whom / which + oración de relativo

    darle la vuelta a la objeción

    The cost? That's precisely my point. That's exactly why we need to act now. If anything, that proves it.

    That's precisely my point | That's exactly why ... | If anything, that supports what I'm saying

11. C1.11 Matizar con precisión: adjetivos, adverbios y preposiciones literarias 20 puntos

    adjetivos compuestos idiomáticos — jaw-dropping, well-to-do

    a jaw-dropping performance, a well-to-do family, the above-mentioned clause, an open-minded approach, a long-standing dispute

    adjetivo compuesto que aporta evaluación o registro

    superlativo + posmodificador — the best movie ever made

    the best movie ever made, the largest collection in private hands, the worst decision possible, the only one still standing

    the + superlativo (+ sustantivo) + participio / sintagma preposicional / adverbio

    preposiciones literarias complejas — notwithstanding, in the wake of

    Notwithstanding the delay, the project succeeded. In the wake of the scandal, three directors resigned. He stayed on for the sake of the children.

    notwithstanding / by virtue of / in the wake of / for the sake of / at the expense of / pursuant to

    la crítica sándwich

    The research is excellent. My only reservation is the sample size. It works well, except that it's slow.

    The X is excellent. My only reservation is ... | It works well, except that ...

12. C1.12 Nominalización, elección de registro y defensa de una postura 20 puntos

    nominalización — the implementation of

    The implementation of the new policy took two years. Their failure to respond was noted. The decision to close came from above.

    verbo -> sustantivo abstracto (implement -> implementation, decide -> decision, fail -> failure)

    reconocer la ortografía y el vocabulario británicos

    UK colour, centre, apologise, travelling, cancelled — US color, center, apologize, traveling, canceled. UK 'I'll take the lift to the flat' — US 'I'll take the elevator to the apartment'.

    -our / -re / -ise / -ll- | lift, flat, lorry, queue, holiday, film, autumn, rubbish, mum

    elegir el registro — el mismo contenido en tres niveles

    We had to put off the meeting. -> We had to postpone the meeting. -> The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

    informal (verbo frasal, contracción, elipsis) / neutro / formal (verbo de origen latino, nominalización, pasiva)

    insistir en lo que realmente importa

    The point is not whether it's legal, it's whether it's right. The real question is who pays.

    The point is not X, it's Y. | What really matters here is ... | The real question is ...

Cómo superar realmente el C1