C1 Englisch – Fortgeschritten

Der C1-Lehrplan, Lektion für Lektion

12 Niveaus und 240 Grammatikthemen in der Reihenfolge, in der Leo sie unterrichtet. Jede Lektion listet die unverzichtbaren Formen mit einem echten Beispiel auf – die ergänzenden Punkte werden in den Geschichten behandelt.

1. C1.1 Erzählen und Kommentieren: die zeitliche Abfolge in der Vergangenheit und die Stimme des Erzählers 20 Themen

   die komplexe Anordnung vergangener Ereignisse

   By the time the police arrived, the crowd had gone and the shop had been closed for an hour. She had been waiting three years for that letter when it finally came.

   Past Simple + Past Perfect + Past Perfect Continuous verschachtelt, mit expliziten Zeitangaben

   die Wahl deiner Erzählzeit — die volle Bandbreite

   The train had already left. People were still arriving on the platform, unaware that the service had been canceled an hour earlier. Someone shouted. Nobody moved.

   Past Simple (die Fakten) + Past Continuous (die Kulisse) + Past Perfect (was davor geschah) + Passiv (Handelnder weggelassen)

   -ed-Partizipialsatz am Satzanfang

   Founded in 1890, the company still uses the original recipe. Written in a single night, the letter changed everything. Faced with the evidence, he confessed.

   Past Participle + Ergänzungen, + Hauptsatz

   gemischte Gefühle benennen

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. Part of me wanted to stay, part of me couldn't wait to leave. She was torn between loyalty and self-preservation.

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. | part of me ... , part of me ... | torn between ... and ...

2. C1.2 Hinterfragen und Hervorheben: rhetorische Fragen und Spaltsätze 20 Themen

   die rhetorische Frage — fragen, ohne eine Antwort zu erwarten

   Are we becoming shallow? Why does any of this matter? So where does that leave us?

   direkte Frage, auf die keine Antwort erwartet wird, am Anfang oder Ende eines Absatzes

   die extreme Alternativfrage — ... oder das genaue Gegenteil?

   Is this a breakthrough or the exact opposite? Was it courage, or something else entirely?

   Frage + or + extremes Gegenteil (das genaue Gegenteil / etwas völlig anderes / gar nichts)

   what-Spaltsatz — What I need is ...

   What I need is a week off. What surprised me was how calm she was. What he did next changed everything.

   What + Subjekt + Verb + be + Nominalphrase oder Nebensatz

   Nachdruck durch gerahmte Wiederholung

   That is precisely the issue. It is this, above all, that worries me.

   This is exactly what I mean. | That is precisely the issue. | It is this, above all, that ...

3. C1.3 Sich selbst aus dem Text nehmen: unpersönliches Passiv, Nominalisierung, Zusammenfassung 20 Themen

   das unpersönliche Passiv bei Verben des Sagens und Meinens — it is said that

   It is said that the house is haunted. He is believed to have left the country. It has been suggested that the data were incomplete.

   it + be + Past Participle + that + Nebensatz | Subjekt + be + Past Participle + to + Infinitiv

   Passiv-Partizipialsatz — Having been told, Being seen as

   Having been warned twice, he had no excuse. Being considered the favorite, she felt the pressure. Having been built on sand, the wall never stood a chance.

   Having been + Past Participle, ... | Being + Past Participle, ...

   unzählbare abstrakte Nomen — evidence, advice, research

   There is little evidence for this. We need more research, not more advice. Progress has been slow. She offered some useful feedback.

   abstraktes Nomen ohne Artikel und ohne Plural (evidence, research, advice, progress, feedback, insight)

   eine Quelle in einem Satz zusammenfassen

   The gist of it is that nobody read the contract. In essence, they overpaid. The upshot is we start again.

   The gist of it is ... | In essence, ... | Broadly speaking, the argument is ... | The upshot is ...

4. C1.4 Gewissheit abstufen: can, dare, may, might und Abstufungen der eigenen Meinung 20 Themen

   fester Ausdruck mit can — as you can see, I can hardly

   As you can imagine, nobody was pleased. I can't say I'm surprised. One can only hope.

   as you can see / as you can imagine / I can't say (that) / I can hardly / one can only

   be set to — der angekündigte Verlauf

   The company is set to announce record profits. Prices are set to rise again.

   be set to + Grundform

   may well — das nachdrückliche Zugeständnis

   He may well be right. That might well explain the delay.

   may well / might well + Grundform

   absolute Gewissheit

   There's no doubt in my mind that she knew. It's beyond question at this point.

   There's no doubt in my mind. | I'd stake my reputation on it. | Beyond question.

5. C1.5 Pflicht und Gewohnheit: ought to, used to, charakteristisches will 20 Themen

   there ought to be — die Welt, wie sie sein sollte

   There ought to be a law against it. There ought to be more of these.

   there ought to / should be + Nominalphrase

   ought to have + Partizip Perfekt — die versäumte Pflicht

   You ought to have told me. They oughtn't to have promised anything.

   ought to have + Partizip Perfekt | oughtn't to have + Partizip Perfekt

   Did you use to — die Frageform von used to

   Did you use to live here? Didn't they use to be friends?

   Did + Subjekt + use to + Grundform ?

   eine Idee in den Raum stellen, ohne sich darauf festzulegen

   I'd be inclined to say the timing is wrong. I'm tempted to think she never read it. My instinct is that they'll pull out.

   I'd be inclined to say ... | I'm tempted to think ... | My instinct is that ...

6. C1.6 Das Irreale: gemischte Bedingungssätze, wish, Inversion im Bedingungssatz 20 Themen

   if + Past Perfect + Modalverb + have + Partizip Perfekt

   If I had left earlier, I might have caught the train. If she had asked, we could have helped.

   If + Past Perfect, Subjekt + might / could / would + have + Partizip Perfekt

   der gemischte Bedingungssatz mit drei Zeitformen

   If we had taken that offer, we'd be living in Lisbon now. If he hadn't quit, he'd be running the department by next year.

   If + Past Perfect, ... would + Grundform (jetzt) / would be + -ing (genau jetzt) / would be + -ing (morgen)

   Inversion mit had und were — die Bedingung ohne if

   Had I known, I would have said something. Were she here, none of this would have happened. Had it not been for you, we'd still be waiting.

   Had + Subjekt + Partizip Perfekt, ... | Were + Subjekt + ..., ...

   auf eine wahrscheinliche Ursache zurückführen

   My best guess is a wiring fault. It probably comes down to funding. I'd put it down to bad timing more than bad judgment.

   My best guess is (that) ... | It probably comes down to ... | Chances are ... | I'd put it down to ...

7. C1.7 Inversion und Konzession: vorangestellte verneinende Adverbien und vollständige Einräumung 20 Themen

   Inversion nach einem verneinenden Häufigkeitsadverb

   Rarely have I seen such a mess. Seldom does he speak in public. Hardly ever do they answer the phone.

   Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever + Hilfsverb + Subjekt + Verb

   Inversion nach einer verneinenden Phrase — under no circumstances

   Under no circumstances should you open that door. At no point did she raise her voice. In no way does this excuse what happened.

   Under no circumstances / At no point / In no way / On no account + Hilfsverb + Subjekt

   not only + Inversion des Hilfsverbs

   Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. Not only was the food cold, it was the wrong order.

   Not only + Hilfsverb + Subjekt + Verb, but (also) + Teilsatz

   einen Punkt einräumen, bevor man darüber hinweggeht

   Granted, the price is high. Admittedly, we should have asked first. True, nobody could have known.

   Granted, ... | Admittedly, ... | True, ... | I'll grant you that

8. C1.8 Handlungen projizieren und veranlassen: Zukunftsformen, Subjunctive, strukturierte Argumentation 20 Themen

   Future Continuous mit may / might — das Wahrscheinliche im Verlauf

   She might be waiting outside. They may be having lunch right now. He might be sleeping.

   may / might + be + Verb-ing

   by the time + Präsens — die Zukunft von ihrem Endpunkt aus betrachtet

   By the time you read this, I'll be gone. By the time we get there, it will have started.

   By the time + Present Simple, Subjekt + will (have) + ...

   die Wahl der Zukunftsform — sieben konkurrierende Formen

   The train leaves at six. We're meeting them there. It'll be busy. It's going to rain. The minister is to visit next week. This time tomorrow we'll be flying. By June we'll have moved.

   will / be going to / Present Continuous / Present Simple / be to / Future Continuous / Future Perfect

   den Aufbau deiner Argumentation aufzeigen

   There are three points I want to make. Let me take these in turn.

   There are three points I want to make. | Let me take these in turn. | First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

9. C1.9 Befehle, Ellipsen und Reaktion: Imperativ, teilweise Verneinung, gesprochenes Englisch 20 Themen

   let + Pronomen + Grundform — Erlauben und Verbieten

   Let them try. Let her finish. Don't let him near the controls.

   Let him / her / them + Grundform | Don't let him / her / them + Grundform

   vorangestellte feste Redewendung — the thing about, the trouble with

   The thing about Marcus is that he never says no. The trouble with cheap tools is that they break.

   The thing about / The trouble with / The problem with / The truth is + ..., ...

   not all / not every — die abgelehnte Verallgemeinerung

   Not all of them agreed. Not everything he said was wrong. Not every problem has a solution.

   Not all / Not every / Not everyone / Not everything + ...

   begründete Gleichgültigkeit

   Honestly, it makes no difference to me. I have no strong feelings either way. The new logo? I can take it or leave it.

   It makes no difference to me | I have no strong feelings either way | I can take it or leave it

10. C1.10 Präzise Bezug nehmen: fortgeschrittene Pronomen und auf Einwände reagieren 20 Themen

    that of / those of — der akademische Rückbezug

    Her salary is higher than that of her predecessor. The results were compared with those of the previous study.

    that of / those of + Nominalphrase (bezieht sich auf ein bereits eingeführtes Nomen zurück)

    none — das alleinstehende negative Ersatzwort

    I asked three people. None knew. We looked for alternatives; none were suitable.

    none (alleinstehend, als Subjekt oder Objekt, ohne Ergänzung)

    many of whom / some of which — der quantifizierte Relativsatz

    The staff, many of whom had been there for years, were furious. She wrote six novels, none of which sold well. He had three options, neither of which appealed.

    Quantifikator + of + whom / which + Relativsatz

    den Einwand umkehren

    The cost? That's precisely my point. That's exactly why we need to act now. If anything, that proves it.

    That's precisely my point | That's exactly why ... | If anything, that supports what I'm saying

11. C1.11 Präzise näher bestimmen: Adjektive, Adverbien, literarische Präpositionen 20 Themen

    idiomatische zusammengesetzte Adjektive — jaw-dropping, well-to-do

    a jaw-dropping performance, a well-to-do family, the above-mentioned clause, an open-minded approach, a long-standing dispute

    zusammengesetztes Adjektiv, das eine Wertung oder ein Register ausdrückt

    Superlativ + nachgestelltes Attribut — the best movie ever made

    the best movie ever made, the largest collection in private hands, the worst decision possible, the only one still standing

    the + Superlativ (+ Nomen) + Partizip / Präpositionalphrase / Adverb

    komplexe literarische Präpositionen — notwithstanding, in the wake of

    Notwithstanding the delay, the project succeeded. In the wake of the scandal, three directors resigned. He stayed on for the sake of the children.

    notwithstanding / by virtue of / in the wake of / for the sake of / at the expense of / pursuant to

    die Sandwich-Kritik

    The research is excellent. My only reservation is the sample size. It works well, except that it's slow.

    The X is excellent. My only reservation is ... | It works well, except that ...

12. C1.12 Nominalisierung, Wahl des Registers, einen Standpunkt verteidigen 20 Themen

    Nominalisierung — the implementation of

    The implementation of the new policy took two years. Their failure to respond was noted. The decision to close came from above.

    Verb -> abstraktes Nomen (implement -> implementation, decide -> decision, fail -> failure)

    britische Rechtschreibung und Vokabeln erkennen

    UK colour, centre, apologise, travelling, cancelled — US color, center, apologize, traveling, canceled. UK 'I'll take the lift to the flat' — US 'I'll take the elevator to the apartment'.

    -our / -re / -ise / -ll- | lift, flat, lorry, queue, holiday, film, autumn, rubbish, mum

    das richtige Register wählen — derselbe Inhalt auf drei Ebenen

    We had to put off the meeting. -> We had to postpone the meeting. -> The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

    informell (Phrasal Verb, Kontraktion, Ellipse) / neutral / formell (lateinischstämmiges Verb, Nominalisierung, Passiv)

    betonen, worauf es wirklich ankommt

    The point is not whether it's legal, it's whether it's right. The real question is who pays.

    The point is not X, it's Y. | What really matters here is ... | The real question is ...

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