Inglês C1 - Avançado

O currículo do C1, unidade por unidade

12 níveis e 240 pontos gramaticais, na ordem em que o Leo os ensina. Cada unidade lista suas formas essenciais com um exemplo real - os pontos de apoio são abordados dentro das histórias.

1. C1.1 Narrando e comentando: a ordem do passado e a voz do narrador 20 pontos

   a ordenação complexa de eventos passados

   By the time the police arrived, the crowd had gone and the shop had been closed for an hour. She had been waiting three years for that letter when it finally came.

   past simple + past perfect + past perfect continuous aninhados, com marcadores de tempo explícitos

   escolhendo seu tempo narrativo — a gama completa

   The train had already left. People were still arriving on the platform, unaware that the service had been canceled an hour earlier. Someone shouted. Nobody moved.

   past simple (os fatos) + past continuous (o cenário) + past perfect (o que veio antes) + passiva (agente removido)

   oração reduzida de particípio com -ed no início da frase

   Founded in 1890, the company still uses the original recipe. Written in a single night, the letter changed everything. Faced with the evidence, he confessed.

   particípio passado + complementos, + oração principal

   nomeando uma emoção mista

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. Part of me wanted to stay, part of me couldn't wait to leave. She was torn between loyalty and self-preservation.

   I'm relieved and furious in equal measure. | part of me ... , part of me ... | torn between ... and ...

2. C1.2 Questionando e destacando: perguntas retóricas e frases clivadas 20 pontos

   a pergunta retórica — perguntando sem esperar uma resposta

   Are we becoming shallow? Why does any of this matter? So where does that leave us?

   pergunta direta sem expectativa de resposta, no início ou no fim de um parágrafo

   a pergunta alternativa extrema — ... ou exatamente o oposto?

   Is this a breakthrough or the exact opposite? Was it courage, or something else entirely?

   pergunta + or + alternativa extrema (the exact opposite / something else entirely / nothing at all)

   frase clivada com what — What I need is ...

   What I need is a week off. What surprised me was how calm she was. What he did next changed everything.

   What + sujeito + verbo + be + sintagma nominal ou oração

   insistência através de repetição estruturada

   That is precisely the issue. It is this, above all, that worries me.

   This is exactly what I mean. | That is precisely the issue. | It is this, above all, that ...

3. C1.3 Omitindo-se da escrita: passiva impessoal, nominalização, resumo 20 pontos

   a passiva impessoal de relato — it is said that

   It is said that the house is haunted. He is believed to have left the country. It has been suggested that the data were incomplete.

   it + be + particípio passado + that + oração | sujeito + be + particípio passado + to + infinitivo

   oração reduzida de particípio passivo — Having been told, Being seen as

   Having been warned twice, he had no excuse. Being considered the favorite, she felt the pressure. Having been built on sand, the wall never stood a chance.

   Having been + particípio passado, ... | Being + particípio passado, ...

   substantivos abstratos incontáveis — evidence, advice, research

   There is little evidence for this. We need more research, not more advice. Progress has been slow. She offered some useful feedback.

   substantivo abstrato sem artigo e sem plural (evidence, research, advice, progress, feedback, insight)

   condensando uma fonte em uma frase

   The gist of it is that nobody read the contract. In essence, they overpaid. The upshot is we start again.

   The gist of it is ... | In essence, ... | Broadly speaking, the argument is ... | The upshot is ...

4. C1.4 Calibrando a certeza: can, dare, may, might e graus de opinião 20 pontos

   expressão fixa com can — as you can see, I can hardly

   As you can imagine, nobody was pleased. I can't say I'm surprised. One can only hope.

   as you can see / as you can imagine / I can't say (that) / I can hardly / one can only

   be set to — a trajetória anunciada

   The company is set to announce record profits. Prices are set to rise again.

   be set to + forma básica

   may well — a concessão enfática

   He may well be right. That might well explain the delay.

   may well / might well + forma básica

   certeza absoluta

   There's no doubt in my mind that she knew. It's beyond question at this point.

   There's no doubt in my mind. | I'd stake my reputation on it. | Beyond question.

5. C1.5 Dever e hábito: ought to, used to, will característico 20 pontos

   there ought to be — o mundo como deveria ser

   There ought to be a law against it. There ought to be more of these.

   there ought to / should be + frase nominal

   ought to have + particípio passado — o dever não cumprido

   You ought to have told me. They oughtn't to have promised anything.

   ought to have + particípio passado | oughtn't to have + particípio passado

   Did you use to — a forma interrogativa de used to

   Did you use to live here? Didn't they use to be friends?

   Did + sujeito + use to + forma básica ?

   lançando uma ideia sem se comprometer com ela

   I'd be inclined to say the timing is wrong. I'm tempted to think she never read it. My instinct is that they'll pull out.

   I'd be inclined to say ... | I'm tempted to think ... | My instinct is that ...

6. C1.6 O irreal: condicionais mistas, wish, inversão condicional 20 pontos

   if + passado perfeito + modal + have + particípio passado

   If I had left earlier, I might have caught the train. If she had asked, we could have helped.

   If + passado perfeito, sujeito + might / could / would + have + particípio passado

   a condicional mista de três tempos

   If we had taken that offer, we'd be living in Lisbon now. If he hadn't quit, he'd be running the department by next year.

   If + passado perfeito, ... would + forma básica (agora) / would be + -ing (neste exato momento) / would be + -ing (amanhã)

   inversão com had e were — a condição sem if

   Had I known, I would have said something. Were she here, none of this would have happened. Had it not been for you, we'd still be waiting.

   Had + sujeito + particípio passado, ... | Were + sujeito + ..., ...

   remontando a uma causa provável

   My best guess is a wiring fault. It probably comes down to funding. I'd put it down to bad timing more than bad judgment.

   My best guess is (that) ... | It probably comes down to ... | Chances are ... | I'd put it down to ...

7. C1.7 Inversão e concessão: advérbios negativos em posição inicial e concessão total 20 pontos

   inversão após um advérbio de frequência negativo

   Rarely have I seen such a mess. Seldom does he speak in public. Hardly ever do they answer the phone.

   Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever + auxiliar + sujeito + verbo

   inversão após uma locução negativa — under no circumstances

   Under no circumstances should you open that door. At no point did she raise her voice. In no way does this excuse what happened.

   Under no circumstances / At no point / In no way / On no account + auxiliar + sujeito

   not only + inversão do auxiliar

   Not only did he apologize, but he also paid for the damage. Not only was the food cold, it was the wrong order.

   Not only + auxiliar + sujeito + verbo, but (also) + oração

   concedendo um ponto antes de prosseguir

   Granted, the price is high. Admittedly, we should have asked first. True, nobody could have known.

   Granted, ... | Admittedly, ... | True, ... | I'll grant you that

8. C1.8 Projetando e estimulando ações: futuros, subjuntivo, argumentação ordenada 20 pontos

   futuro contínuo com may / might — o provável em andamento

   She might be waiting outside. They may be having lunch right now. He might be sleeping.

   may / might + be + verbo-ing

   by the time + presente — o futuro visto do seu ponto final

   By the time you read this, I'll be gone. By the time we get there, it will have started.

   By the time + presente simples, sujeito + will (have) + ...

   escolhendo seu futuro — sete formas concorrentes

   The train leaves at six. We're meeting them there. It'll be busy. It's going to rain. The minister is to visit next week. This time tomorrow we'll be flying. By June we'll have moved.

   will / be going to / presente contínuo / presente simples / be to / futuro contínuo / futuro perfeito

   sinalizando o plano da sua argumentação

   There are three points I want to make. Let me take these in turn.

   There are three points I want to make. | Let me take these in turn. | First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

9. C1.9 Ordens, elipse e reação: imperativo, negação parcial, inglês falado 20 pontos

   let + pronome + forma básica — permitindo e proibindo

   Let them try. Let her finish. Don't let him near the controls.

   Let him / her / them + forma básica | Don't let him / her / them + forma básica

   expressão fixa antecipada — the thing about, the trouble with

   The thing about Marcus is that he never says no. The trouble with cheap tools is that they break.

   The thing about / The trouble with / The problem with / The truth is + ..., ...

   not all / not every — a generalização recusada

   Not all of them agreed. Not everything he said was wrong. Not every problem has a solution.

   Not all / Not every / Not everyone / Not everything + ...

   indiferença fundamentada

   Honestly, it makes no difference to me. I have no strong feelings either way. The new logo? I can take it or leave it.

   It makes no difference to me | I have no strong feelings either way | I can take it or leave it

10. C1.10 Referindo-se com precisão: pronomes avançados e respondendo a objeções 20 pontos

    that of / those of — a referência acadêmica anterior

    Her salary is higher than that of her predecessor. The results were compared with those of the previous study.

    that of / those of + sintagma nominal (refere-se a um substantivo já introduzido)

    none — o substituto negativo isolado

    I asked three people. None knew. We looked for alternatives; none were suitable.

    none (sozinho, sujeito ou objeto, sem complemento)

    many of whom / some of which — o relativo quantificado

    The staff, many of whom had been there for years, were furious. She wrote six novels, none of which sold well. He had three options, neither of which appealed.

    quantificador + of + whom / which + oração relativa

    revertendo a objeção

    The cost? That's precisely my point. That's exactly why we need to act now. If anything, that proves it.

    That's precisely my point | That's exactly why ... | If anything, that supports what I'm saying

11. C1.11 Qualificando com precisão: adjetivos, advérbios, preposições literárias 20 pontos

    adjetivos compostos idiomáticos — jaw-dropping, well-to-do

    a jaw-dropping performance, a well-to-do family, the above-mentioned clause, an open-minded approach, a long-standing dispute

    adjetivo composto que carrega avaliação ou registro

    superlativo + pós-modificador — the best movie ever made

    the best movie ever made, the largest collection in private hands, the worst decision possible, the only one still standing

    the + superlativo (+ substantivo) + particípio / locução prepositiva / advérbio

    preposições literárias complexas — notwithstanding, in the wake of

    Notwithstanding the delay, the project succeeded. In the wake of the scandal, three directors resigned. He stayed on for the sake of the children.

    notwithstanding / by virtue of / in the wake of / for the sake of / at the expense of / pursuant to

    a crítica sanduíche

    The research is excellent. My only reservation is the sample size. It works well, except that it's slow.

    The X is excellent. My only reservation is ... | It works well, except that ...

12. C1.12 Nominalizando, escolhendo o registro, defendendo uma posição 20 pontos

    nominalização — the implementation of

    The implementation of the new policy took two years. Their failure to respond was noted. The decision to close came from above.

    verbo -> substantivo abstrato (implement -> implementation, decide -> decision, fail -> failure)

    reconhecendo a ortografia e o vocabulário britânicos

    UK colour, centre, apologise, travelling, cancelled — US color, center, apologize, traveling, canceled. UK 'I'll take the lift to the flat' — US 'I'll take the elevator to the apartment'.

    -our / -re / -ise / -ll- | lift, flat, lorry, queue, holiday, film, autumn, rubbish, mum

    escolhendo o seu registro — o mesmo conteúdo em três níveis

    We had to put off the meeting. -> We had to postpone the meeting. -> The meeting has been postponed until further notice.

    informal (phrasal verb, contração, elipse) / neutro / formal (verbo de origem latina, nominalização, voz passiva)

    insistindo no que realmente importa

    The point is not whether it's legal, it's whether it's right. The real question is who pays.

    The point is not X, it's Y. | What really matters here is ... | The real question is ...

Como realmente concluir o C1